Medieval justice heavily relied on eyewitness testimony and confessions. Trials often included: Oaths and Sworn Testimony: Witnesses swore on religious relics or the Bible to tell the truth.   Ordeal and Trial by Combat: In some regions, the accused underwent ordeals (e.g., h

Introduction to Medieval Crime and Justice Long before the advent of modern forensic science, societies had to manage crime and justice with limited scientific knowledge. The Middle Ages (roughly 5th to 15th centuries) in Europe were a time of evolving legal systems and rudimentary investigative

Introduction to Medieval Crime and Justice Long before the advent of modern forensic science, societies had to manage crime and justice with limited scientific knowledge. The Middle Ages (roughly 5th to 15th centuries) in Europe were a time of evolving legal systems and rudimentary investigative

The war and its consequences deeply affected German society: Displacement and Refugees: Millions fled or were expelled from former German territories in the East.   Reconciliation: West Germany faced the challenge of confronting the Nazi past, promoting democratic values, and

West Germany’s recovery is often dubbed the Wirtschaftswunder or “economic miracle.” Under the leadership of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and the guidance of economics minister Ludwig Erhard, West Germany embraced a social market economy combining free-market capitalism with social w